TRADE FLOW IN THE AREA OF THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE FROM INDIA AND IRAN THROUGH THE GOLDEN HORDE.

Abstracts aent in Praha at 10.19.2017.

(Pucture was editions my follcers that nobody tuoch).

Historians studding the trade ways, but economical history goods & money stream. Until now it was aware of the existence of commodity & flow scheme Caspian- Vogla- Baltik, which operated since the of the Vikings age.

 However, subject of economic history suggests the presence of another route, and then the flow of goods for delivery to the Indian and Chinese goods to the Baltic from the Caspian Sea through the steppes of Ukraine and Belarus into Danzig (Gdansk) — the main center of the Hanseatic trade in the South Baltic Sea.

 Trade flows — this an economic concept, and it can not be opened, with help historians method. Commodities & monetary streams the movement of goods and \ or money from producers to consumers when absent not only historical sources, rather than statistical data, to a greater extent.

      Historians said about narrative source here. But how studding the stream from Visby to Revel-Novgorod for instance ? Because have been describe  grain stream from Poland into Brugge & Scandinavian in HL period  (Cameron, Neal).

      Pontific have a biggest stream in Vatican treasures in silver ingots of 12-14 cent. (Spufford), we haven’t  boards of ingots of this ways. Although,   ingots used in Europe beginning from bronze age since Soitece Archaeological culture (Gralak).

     The summ in 300 somos (2400 Genoese Lira) assessed property Genova’s Ambassador Dario-Grilyo, who robbed on the way to the Lithuanian Prince Vytautas in 1430 (V.Myts), that not more 96 Kg silver.

   These facts testified about great money stream in the eastern Europe, witch we can to organize in concept “monetary\good stream”.

Modern economy it’s usual practice such  as financial flows.

   We have several misunderstood boards of coins in Ukraine in Belarus. They approximately fell out on one time the end   14 – early 15 cent.

    The hoard of Ekaterinoslavl modern Dnipr city of silver coins & Slutsk (town) Golden coins.

     In Ekaterinoslavl hoard 14,5 th.coins mostly most minted in Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran — Baku, Shemakha, Derbent, Ray (Tehran). (Fedprpv-Davydov 1960). All Tochtamysh’s output. Slutsk hoard have mostly Indian coins, also English nobles. So we can to suppose about stream goods & money from India across Iran to Prussia apparently Volga.

       Tochtamysh seized power in the Vogla region in 1377, arrived with the silver stocks possible in bullions. He is to save the monetary system of the Golden Horde (Khan N.).

        Sture Bolin wrote to overcome the «silver crisis» must have two things: silver mints and its immediate drown on the market.

      The studding Ekaterinosvl hoard allows about not only also historic facts. Since economical point this hoard point of view is “capital flight” not into offshore as sample political & economical migration. Because in 1395 Tamerlan (Timur) from Central Asia captured Tebris. So  usually in such extraordinary situation hoards fell out in mining place because mostly coin output in here. But we have take place find hoard in Ukraine !

Moreover, If the money came to Danzig or Romanian, we would not know that story today.

       The second treasury, as document of good flow – hoard of golden coins 1902 found in Slutsk (Ryabtsevic, 1995; Bekteneev, 1996). It consisted of gold coins Delhi sultans 14 sent. And the English nobles of the first half of the 15th century. Gold on the economic and social value is higher than Silver (Le Goff). Gold treasures to be used as investment funds and means of maintaining wealth for more than silver. Gold is not part of the reserves of state-owned banks. It was part of the royal treasury, so that Indian coins in money circulation is not put into circulation in the Grand Duchy Litvianian where from 1363 was part of Ukraine and Belorus.

English nobles began to produce 1344, and the Hungarian ducats 1320 (Grierson 1956; Allen 2012; Gullbekk 2014). English merchants bought goods on their gold coins in Riga and Danzig. Thus, the presence of English nobles as part of the treasure Slutsk, indicates the presence of trade relations with the Baltic — the cities of the Hanseatic League, and not from Hungary.

This flow of goods existed until the middle of the XV century. Portuguese, and probably did not know of its existence, when he went to look for the West Indies.

      A traveler from Morocco, Ibn Battuta and the secretary of the Egyptian sultan Omari wrote they saw huge herds of horses that GH merchants in India (Spuler 1965). They wrote that the herd «from horizon to horizon.» Historians about it wrote, but nobody wrote about the number of horses and the form of payment, although everyone knew that the steppe could offer a lump sum of at least 40 thousand. Horses, as happened in 1474 when the Russian bought here a number of horses at once.

      The cost of a caravan of horses, which was combined ownership 30-60 merchants in India was 600 th.dinars or 30 th.of ingots (6 tonn of silver). One caravan was before 6 th. of Horses. Hence, the cost of 40 th.of horses are 7 Karavans Or 42 t.silver.On ratio 1: 8 (Khan) — Therefore every year Kypchak could get about 5.25 t.gold.

    We have shown how the gold reported to the Golden Horde. You can draw a business model.

   Fabrics bring lower returns, and trade was silver, a merchant from Shiraz, one Shamsuddin in 1430 spent trading deal, income received 300-500%.

    At the last, So, in Medieval the trade was income of unique goods  and High income was a ensures from  risks.