EASTERN PART OF HANSA LEAGUE TRADE & money circulation,

Abstract sended at  the 8th of May 2017

1. We proceed from the fact that national borders in the Middle Ages were not constant, whereas the habitats of fauna were only constantly compressed. Therefore, the definition of modern researchers of belonging to one or another territory with fur animal resources allows to provide new arguments for understanding of the political process in the Middle Ages. The methodology of statistical measurements. Besides, the homogeneous static conclusions do not always show the historical differences.

Available material not only allows to show the potential of the “proven reserves” of fur raw materials, but also the number of extracted skins, which reflect both the added value and size of the fur animals’ population calculable by indicator of the “output skins”.

We have data on  quantities fur animals from Medieval Russia  that to calculate for deliverance into the West. Apart Sable Novgorodian land (Country), which areal inhabitant was in Far east, including Siberia had enemies, martens, also usual squreal.

Despite on widest distribution martens & ermines  in ‘export od Novgorod they were not very  bog par – just only 2-3 % as we can see form  report on Burgundian company of Hildenbrandt Feckenhausen. One day this company 155 th fur skin from Lifland & Eastern Prussia, &most value sort was Russia (Novgorod).

Soviet historian Lesnikov found data 450^th skins one time and a priori suggests improve to  rise into 2 time for to calculate pre year.  According Tar-model of O.Volkart turn speed of money in Baltic trade of Hanse league was during 8-12 month And for establishment quantities of silver for service this trade flow we must to calculate on 1 year period. So Tar-model to allows to improve data of 450^th   1,5  to 0,571 time. So  675-710^th fur skins per year.

And numerous of  value fur skins may be to ignore as statistical  error.

So when we are studding datas J.Martin –A.Choroshevotxh about 500-840^th maximum skins delivers we was on the right road.

English nobbles wear fur  espsionally in winter time also when was rain because in Medieval humanity havn’t water-repellent cloth .

Soviet and modern historians can’t to decide question about ratio gold\silver when with enter English nobles appeared phenome “bimetallism” Now P.Spafford (1988) established almost all relation medieval currency with gold\silver.  Anywhere I wrote about 1\12 ratio in Eastern Prussia on data trade in Riga & Novgorod with use English gold coins. So transaction on 22 th nobles on 7 gr.must be 154 kg gold as equivalent  1848 kg of silver. Sure the story on base which Lesnikov found this datas means that  convoy of ships gone from Danzig to the Brugge or London. The way was across Zund. Apparently  for calculated silver deliverers into Novgorod per year we  must to improve on 1,5 and to divide on 5,5 excess cost in Prussia, Raga-Revel over Novgorod due it hierarchical structures cites organizing of Hansa legue as well-know on Belgium-Netherlands economical historiography.

Here we used all calculation not only on money units but in weight those units of coins & bars. It’s methodological approach which itself  have a significance for identification rate of differences of money systems and using rarely Sweden scholarships .

So Novgorod  can to get 0,5 tonn of silver  in  internal prices sailing 700-850 th of squirrel skins per year.  These data very important for next theoretical exploration because we have speed money turn as well as  monetary stream and prices.

Meanwhile Novgorod not need in gold for money circulation, Ie this country used silver in bar-from as commodity for sale “down”. But Poland –need (Kubijak). As evidence we must to reminder the treasury on gold coins  in Slytzk (Belorussia)1902.

2. Burgundy duke Jilber de Lanoa described when stayed in Novgorod where had 2 options in money circulation: ingots & fur money — marten, squirrel skins.

Row for fur money circulation was available. However, In 1409 Novgorod entered foreign German coin in domestic money circulation. It’s became thanks explorations on economical history  & unknown numismatics.

German population refused of local coins it was according independence data. The crisis of  1409 allows to suppose the reason entered in Novgorod in 1409 German coins. Mass import coin was bought on weight & brought in Novgorod instead fur money. Fur money were replacement on & it was for the  15 years, because  coin’s money circulation need to service ie mint additional money(coins). Sure very modern task is how match money was entered Nov,monetary  authority  in 1409.  As you see above Novgorod got up 0,5 tonn silver just fur trade per year & according J.Neff (1941) maximum silver mining in Alps were 49 tonn. So West made mass efforts for save silver in a trade with the East.

Until we established quantitate pr.metal entered in Novgorod thanks fur export . Here we next on micro economical data of  the money  base in general.  At  this time   according inform of  Lanoa we have in Novgorod –the capital of feudal republic  — ingots silver and 2sort of fur money in circulation . So not problem that to  say about 2 layers of money in Novgorod money circulation. And if silver depended from foreign trade but fur money only from internal fur hunting.

`              Certainly they have defenses cost  because Novgorod used silver money for trade war rather on Holden Horde, Eastern Prussia & Litvanium, although in internal circulation bars used only in larges payment & change fur on silver money not was very just.

So we have  2 level money. One of them used in international money circulation other – fur money internal. But for tax collection power claimed on silver said historical sources – it was the tool for development of market.

`              As you know medieval society was very strong stratus. Consequally money serve payment interest other starters of feudal society (Le Goff). This case shows  rich-poor , power – simple citizens. In material silver – fur money also reflected determinate societies stratification because served interest  deferens social\property layers.

Finally, make a false money was difficult during all time.  Exactly make false money with fur row was difficult two. So novgorodian authority  got idea to do-produce silver with false low part than high part  was brilliant natural with high probe of silver. So, Therefore so  the income of coin’s output in German on deference lands was 4-6% at this time in Novgorod from the same silver 13% ie in 2 times more.(Khan 2015).

All novgorodian knew about it and  by this reason  local silver in rouble from was used against  neighbors . It was really currency manipulation as we say modern language.

Any money action not be immediately – need no only money – need time. The enter new ruoble with false low part was between 1270-1280 as I think. Here historian most be find  own historical story because parallel circulation  according local chronic old ingots and new ingots-ruoble.

If UK sec treasury Thomas Gresham sought to correct English MC in16 cent, described Irving  Fisher, but here we it seem to see turnover – to spoil for getting profit in trade with “down”.

Certainly population –consumers of money or refused to use new bars or could to rebel riot. It may be since 1280 and later. Until them we can to establish historical task and to say about usefull economical history investigation.