Historical & geographical realities of the Northeast Europe and problem of the history of Vyatka

FROM THE AUTHOR

In the given book the processes some historical-political occurring in territory of the Northeast of Europe in the early and developed Middle Ages are considered. The European Northeast is understood as the territory located to the east from the river Northern Dvina and to the north from 57 parallels – up to the Ural mountains.

Before Slavic-and-Russian settling when more and more scientists thoughts that it has begun in the end of XII century of Valley of average Vyatka, the Finno-Ugric population existing here which speaks in languages of the modern Ural language family which have extended from Finland, Hungary to Western Siberia tend, carrying out Civilisatsionlical constructions in close contact with Turk world, created the culture on own traditions and absorbing in itself achievements of others including far worlds. The special ecology and availability and, as though have now told, good logistical conditionality of this region of the Eastern Europe has allowed population Priuralie and also Priobie to preserve huge material assets In a kind to east art utensils postponed in the largest meetings of the world. Neither invasions of nomads, nor migrations of Protobulgarians, the Magyar or other military-political shocks have not stopped a silver stream in region, and from it to the Baltic States and further up to British isles.

These countries caused the liveliest interest in merchants of Sasanidsky Iran III – VII centuries, Arabian Khalifat, which had data on all region, it the information and on islands of Arctic ocean got also. Basically for it the territory of pool Vychegda, and also Vjatko-Kama area and Priobie was known.

It is interesting, that the science practically has no data on presence of Vikings in this region whereas in Bulgar their activity is noted concrete archaeological by finds and the mediated written narrative sources. During that time as things from Prikamye are known in the countries of the Baltic coast.

Other already hydrographic feature of region consists that it unites the rivers of two water systems flowing both to Sowing. To Northern ocean, and in opposite a direction to Caspian sea. However, the river network of region promoted not only territory consolidations in one geographical zone, but also is visible in uniform administratively-tributes unit, and the control over central points – places of interface of two different river systems and the main transit ways promoted development of concrete societies, doing the others, «not having an exit to the sea», dependent in relation to transport availability.

Such position objectively created preconditions for occurrence of various geographical versions, traditions, and, naturally, extensive historiography.

HISTORICAL & GEOGRAPHICAL REALITIES OF NORTHEAST EUROPE. THE COUNTRIES VISU (ISU) AND PERM
THE COUNTRY VISU

The countries Visu known only to the Arabo-Persian literature X – XIII centuries. In 19 century orientalists placed it in area Beloozero, however in the last century on the basis of careful studying of data of east authors this country began to localise to Prikamye or the Vjatka-Kama area of loss of silver of a different origin (VKA). Topographical studying of rare artefacts – grivna so-called “glasov’s type”, treasures of the Arabian coins and historiography achievements have allowed to correlate Visu between 57–60 degrees Northern width and a considered area (Fig. 1.1, a).

THE COUNTRY PERM

Localisation of Perm encountered that difficulty that seemed simple and clear and was localised in Prikamye and Povychegod’e. Difficulty consisted that in the Perm there were different loci, that is local divisions which were not always localised with sufficient degree proof. Thus Perm is the territory located in space Vjatka-Kama area(VKA), pool of the river Vychegda, excepting its bottom current. «Perm» (Fig. 1.1), has no relation to Biarmiya (Bjarnaland).In addition. The modern city “Perm” located on average Kama-river, is capital of the “Perm edge”, which in 1997 visited President of the USA and member the Nobel Prize of the World 2009 Barack Obama.

In the conclusion of  this Chapter.

However uniqueness of a question consisted not definition of localisation of territory, but in their identity of localisation on district when the same territory in an antiquity had the different name, and this name were determined by different genesis. To establish the self-name of the given territory yet it was not possible, there can be it was Visu or Isu.

CHAPTER 2.

«SILVER ZAKAMSKOE». TO A PROBLEM OF LOCALIZATIONOF PERM VIYTSHEGODSKAYA

Ivan Kalita’s requirement «silver zakamskoe» in 1332 from Novgorod is connected with struggle Northeast Russia for new tributes territories. Till now term localisations have been connected with Zauralye. By consideration of this question are allocated historical, political and geographical components.

The conflict proceeded during two years 1332-34, In 1332 Ivan Danilovich, after returning from the Horde has demanded from Novgorod «silver zakamskoe». Novgorod people offered 500 roubles as a sign of reconciliation, however Kalita has refused, and in 1333 Kalita has grasped from Ustyug operated from Rostov, the tributes arriving from pool bottom and average Vychegda /Fig.2.1/ and in 1334 on these conditions were concluded by the world with Novgorod.

Thus the term «silver zakamskoe» – the term conditional, which has entered into political and historical lexicon Kalita formally not to break the contract with Novgorod. As invited prince Ivan Kalita had no right to demand any tributes from the Novgorod colonies, in this case Perm Vychegodskaya. This conflict has served as the beginning of a gradual pushing of Novgorod in the European northeast.

In political aspect «silver закамское» corresponds with a colony Perm of contracts of Novgorod with princes. Alienation of this territory Novgorod never recognised and struggled for it.

Geographically tributes which has demanded Kalita, represent territory, by retrospective show data of Zalovannaya gramota 1485 Ivan III Vasilyevich, with tax potential of 1707 sables a year.

The economic party is considered by the author in special article.

CHAPTER 3.

TO HISTORY OF TAXES AND TAX COLLECTIONS ON VYATKA

The earliest written certificate on country taxes Visu is news of Ibn Fadlan from 922, which arrived in Bulgar. It is Abu Hamid al-Ggarnati also specified 200 years after hat the population this country pays haradj. As the country Visu is localised in borders of the rivers Vjatka and Kama in a strip between 57 and 60 degrees of northern width, then what exactly its population was in tributes relations to Bulgar.

However earlier certificate of tributes in east Europe is Jagoshursky 1867 treasures of Arabian coins, incorporating and silver little bar 76,77, metrological attribution, which can cause discussion. Meanwhile, on the structure it, distributed in an issue place, it is comparable to treasures found in Belarus in 1965 (Ryabtsevich, 1969). The analysis of these treasures finding direct analogies with treasures of it of times, found in Europe, allows to conclude about existence of the whole stream having the genesis in Bagdad of the-central Asia.

After the Mongolian invasion studying of the taxation of the “Vjatka earth” coherently with a problem of its correlation with administrative submission as buffer zones between Russia and the Horde are known. A find tiun the stamp on Vyatka found L. Makarov (Fig. 3.3. 1), shows it is unequivocal on Russian influence in pool of this river. In quality namestnochestvo of the Russian the state. It could be established in the winter in 1324/1325 г as a result of Jury Danilovich’s campaign – the second Moscow prince when that directed from Novgorod to the Horde. It is natural, that Ustyug most short through Vyatka it taking possible for it was to pass in Horde /Fig. 3.3./. The Vjatskaya earth belonged to Moscow and taxes, therefore, paid to Moscow.

Development tributes relations Moscow working out shows the Loparevsky treasure of 1890 (see Chapter 4), dated 1364 it was a tribute collected, apparently of Vjaka the representatives operating in favour of Moscow.

Therefore, the population of the Vjatskaya earth participated in structure of all Russian earths in payment Horde an «exit» and sent the armed representatives for struggle foreign policy interests of Moscow.

Definitively Vjatskaya earth was a part of Russian state in 1489 when Ivan III Vasilyevich has entered direct administrative board.

CHAPTER 4.

LOPAREVSKY TREASURE 1890 OF VJATSKY PROVINCES

The studied treasure as a monetary circulation monument represents the magnificent historical source opening during too time and a condition of payment system of the population Vyatka-Kama of an area for concrete date. The treasure has been found in an isolated condition in 1890 by several groups of peasants and shown to the authorities separately.

On the basis of the assumption that is one monument of monetary circulation it has been reconstructed, and also showed the remained ingot similar to a castle. It was sent back to Vyatka by the imperial archaeological commission after atribution a treasure /compare: fig. 42.1 and a Fig. 4.3./. On the basis of indications of the newest coins concerning issue of Murut (Murid, Amurat), money of a treasure of tombs to drop out of the reference in 1361-1363 the Reconstructed treasure represents the difficult polycomponental monument consisting of 22 Russian ingots, 2 ingots similar to a castle and 127,5 jutscid’s coins. The weight makes 4772,184 In the head is shown, that payment consisted of 24 Moscow roubles, and also weight rouble accepted on Moscow to the monetary-weight norm. The weight rouble is formed by the jutscid coins, having weight gradation agrees, to changes in metrology of monetary circulation of Golden Horde, studied by A.G.Muhamadiev, where 127 gave theoretical weight of the Moscow monetary-weight norm 196,2 г and as payment was accepted by the erased coins, testifying to dependent relations between the payer and the addressee of payment presence of not defined fragment is indicative. It shows presence of strictly certain weight norm of silver.

The newest part of payment is presented by two ingots similar to a castle and 8 coins of Murut (1361-1363). In the sum they give a weight indicator of equal 404,28 g. /199,3+192,5 + (8 х 1,56)/, having divided which on 2 (monetary units), we will receive weight norm, I quote it is necessary to interpret precisely Italian by origin. It corresponds to weight of monetary foot of 202,4 g., which is established according to the Italian source of the financial agent of trading house Bardi from Florence Francesco Pegolotti. The conclusion that the given part of a treasure has been got in Gulistan, being becomes, it is obvious in territory of Volga Bulgaria.

Recognising that treasures drop out during the certain is concrete-situational moment, reflecting a condition of metrology of the reference of precious metal that means savings of money as values, the average size of face values (ingots) in a treasure should show metrology for concrete date.

Thus, the Loparyovsky treasure – a monetary circulation monument where there is Moscow monetary-weight norm 196,2 g., the specification of casting of the Moscow roubles-ingots 190,65 g., and also the Italian weight norm 202 g. Silver receipts in Golden Horde from Venice.

Thanks to annalistic certificates it is established, that the treasure documentary confirms transition so-called «the Perm places of ustugskih» to Moscow in 1364.

CHAPTER 5.

DMITRY’S IVANOVICh STRUGGLE AGAINST UShKU’NIKSON THE GREAT VOLOZHSKY WAY

In a historiography of ushkuiniks were considered as robbers and robbers from one party, and with another as the colonists, mastering territories are new. Ushkuiniks have begun directly with territory of the Novgorod colonies, but then them have directed on Volga. In 1366 they have made two campaigns even. Robberies and the destroyed material assets were huge.

Attack ushkuiniks on time corresponds with reduction of receipt of silver which it is connected with falling of its level of extraction in the Central Europe.

It is allocated two chronological of some campaigns assets ushkuiniks. 1). In 1360, 1366, 1369, 1371 and 2) 1374, 1375, 1386, 1392 – show, that Dmitry Ivanovich, drawing of campaigns during named time for a map testifies, that Dmitry Donskoj has superseded robbers from the Volga way. It has forced to leave on objects of attacks, using long around a way.

The Volga direction in ushkuinik’s campaigns became possible as result of search Novgorod political circles of an exit from in view of the deficiency which has arisen in deliveries of silver from the West, and drawing of blows occurred in the most difficult for «nizovskie» the earths time. They have taken place in 1340, 1371, 1374, 1375, 1386.

Dmitry Donskoj punished Novgorod for attacks of ushkuiniks each time, applying military, diplomatic sanctions.

CHAPTER 6.

CAMPAIGN OF USHKU’NIKS of 1374AND THE BASIS OF THE CITY OF VYATKA-HLYNOV

In a historiography campaigns 1374 and 1375 have been united as typical. But the campaign of 1374 was less destructive and is known only in connection with the city basis on average Vyatka-river.

It is recently established, that was critical concerning Moscow and the Golden Horde 1374 and on this background the campaign of ushkuiniks looks as destructive and Antimoscow an element.

In the head the campaign direction is considered, the earliest news in Russian annals about the given event is searched, compared with the manuscript «Anatol’evskiy the collection» «The legend about vyatchanah», found D.K. Waugh.

The earliest record about gait is in structure of the Rogozhsky annals, representing the Tver annals. It is established, that 2500 ushkuiniks from Novgorod, having taken advantage of northern route through Ustyug they have attacked the ‘Vyatka earth», In the movement further Bulgar as it is found out, Kazan upwards across Volga they could not rise. It means that Dmitry Ivanovich has put a barrier on a way to the Nijniy Novgorod. The part of ushkuiniks in number of 1150 mans through Vetluga has returned to Vyatka and 1) could base a new second city under name Hlynov or 2) to press old inhabitants, however in any case in centre of Russia this city to middle of XV century was called Vyatka. The city under this name was considered among payers tributes to Orda «vyhod» by Mamay office among other Russian cities, except for Tver, under the name Vyatka.

Settling of a valley of average Vyatka the rivers has begun in the end of XII century the Slavic-and-Russian people as one-stage resettlement of a considerable quantity of the people who have settled on the main trading route which connects Ustyug and Bulgar.

The Chapter shows informative possibilities of work with a complex various by origin historical sources.

CHAPTER 7.

ABOUT NEW SMALL TOWN SHESTAKOVO

In historiographies of Vyatka the question on primacy in a sheaf of cities «Slobodsky-Shestakovo» for a long time was discussed.

In the Chapter it is not offered it is solved e this question as follows from the previous chapter, Slobodsky the «Vjatsky earth» in the end of XII century has been based as a part of all, and attempt to find out basis history small town (gorodok) Shestakovo which is presented in three imperial reading and writing of first half XVI century is made.

Cities of the «Vjatska earth» are mentioned in «Notes about Moskovia» of Austrian displomat Sigizmund Gerbreshtein, which twice in 1517 and 1526 was in Moscow with diplomatic commissions. They mentions four cities of Hlynov (Chlinov), Orlov (Orlo) and Slobodsky (Slowoda) and Kotel’nich (Cotelnith), where Shestakovo is absent.

Imperial reading and writing which are given out in Moscow Shestakov’s to inhabitants, carry the basis of gorodok after records of the diplomat 1526.

On the basis of the given sources and a historiography it is established, that at first not later than 1532 inhabitants of neighbouring villages have based small town Upper Slobodsky which in 1542 has been named again as Shestakov, and the reading and writing Ivan’s to its inhabitants of IV Vasilyevich of 1546 could be made in its office in connection with campaign failure to Kazan in 1545. This monument causes interest as the historic-legal document in view of what it indirectly testifies to its drawing up out of Vyatka. Here find reflexion of norm of the civil law, connected with delivery and repayment of the loans, not having differences from norms, for example, Toulouse, Genoa.

So, Shestakovo – the most distant city of a European civilization of first half XVI century.

SUPPLEMENT

1. HISTORICAL AREAS OF DWELLING OF RUSSIAN SABLE(To a problem of localisation of Ugra)

Most historik-economic section of book. It is taken out in the appendix as it is not connected with problems Vjatka histories, and, probably, it is more with problems of historical ecology.For the first time on the basis of the given ecologists the economic potential of huge territory is found out, the technique of such calculation is developed. Sable destruction during the medieval period has reduced an area of its dwelling. Here the historical area of its dwelling of existence which on different sources Northern Dvina extends from the rivers, Vetluga is established.In annals it is known only two news, concerning history of mutual relations of Russian earths and population Ugra. Events 1184 and 1446 when campaigns of the Novgorod people to the western Siberia have taken place. In work it is resulted data of the Sofia annals when in the winter 1364/1365 Novgorod people have reached average Ob.The structure of Russian annals does not allow to receive a picture of relations Ugra with Novgorod as they had peace character when Ugra rendered tribute to Novgorod but when the Novgorod collectors of a tribute exceeded powers, population Ugra was rejected by pressure and these events have found reflexions in annals.Ugra is a territory of average Ob-Irtysh and Subpolar Urals Mountains to an Arctic circle.As a whole historical territory of dwelling of a sable gave the most export product of the Middle Ages. This potential could make to 88 thousand skins a year which in the prices to the main trading platform of Europe – Brugges could cost to 350 tons of silver. Certainly, that such quantity of a sable was not exported never. The squirrel was main fur article of export of Medieval Russia.  THE CONCLUSION
The Istoriko-geographical formations have resulted from economic state or other activity of the people, mastering new terrestrial open spaces. It is probable, that the country Visu is the area self-name where still in before arabic time highly artistic products of craft workshops of Iran and Byzantium began to arrive.The same earth was called as Russian people Perm, a part from was called as which «Perm Vychegodskaya» This territory has departed to its management about XI century became object of struggle Moscow with Novgorod when Ivan Kalita has demanded in 1332 «silver zakamskoe».After Kalita Dmitry Donskoy began to supersede resolutely Novgorod from its colonies in the Northeast of Europe. But after beginning in mountains of the Central Europe Novgorod has directed falling of extraction of silver on Volga on the main trading way of the Eastern Europe – the special armed groups which in a historical science were called ushkuiniks.In the Conclusion questions on methodological decisions of a periodization of historical and historik-economic development that will allow to reveal laws in historical development are brought up.The richest colony of Novgorod – Yugra but gets to access to its resources Moscow could only having established the control in Bulgar (Kazan) on March, 16th, 1377, this city as Kazan is known as well on a campaign of ushkuiniks in 1374. As a result of this campaign the second city – Hlynov while on average Vyatka there was an ancient Russian city of Vyatka could be based. Development of this region has begun in the end of XII century.